Hume and the Problem of Induction Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Spontaneously, any person can predict that the snowball will be cold. However, what an individual can do is to put all the possibilities into consideration. He or she has both possibilities; he or she can conceive that the snowball will be hot; he or she can conceive that the snowball will be cold. Neither of the prediction to be made is involving any set of opposition from internal being, so long as the individual will not be allowed to put the matter into investigation, he cannot rule either propositions from being considered as a choice. In this case, we learn that no priori before an individual makes any relevant observations has any strong ground for making any opinion. The difference between this individual and those that have been exposed to snow does not lie in the power of intellect. His or her reason is considered to be at par with anyone else. The difference in experience creates the gap. The analogy seems to be completely general. One fact is that individuals do to know how experience is relevant to their prediction. We will write a custom essay sample on Hume and the Problem of Induction or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now However, that is relevant is somehow obvious. Regarding this basis, Hume asserts a general proposition. From this general matter of inductive reasoning, it can be concluded that before any individual conclude, he or she must ask herself or himself whether it is true that all beliefs regarding the future and any other parts of nature that are unobserved have been derived from his or her experience. The normative problem Supposing that the arguments of Hume are correct regarding on how individuals do think, so far what is available revolves around the cognitive psychology of humans. Surprisingly, this available fact has never settle down the normative question on whether it is legitimate for individuals to proceed in that way, and whether the conclusions that area reached by individuals in regard to cognitive reasoning are actually justified or not. Hume on induction In all of Hume’s argument, the term induction is not seen to appear. Hume’s concern is inferences that are entailing connections that are casual, which, according to his account is seen to be the only one that can lead individuals beyond their memory and senses that is immediate. Today, the difference that exists between the inferences and induction, which allows for the increasing complexity of the contemporary notion, is considered just a matter of terminology. In addition, Hume’s work divides all kinds of reasoning into demonstrative, by which he derives the meaning of deduction, and probabilistic, which he means casual reasoning generalization.

Bipolar Disorder And Mental Health - 1691 Words

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, over 5 million individuals over the age of 18 are affected by bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is an illness that occurs with the brain and causes abnormal shifts in mood and energy. An individual with bipolar disorder will experience many ups and downs. These ups and downs are way different from the ups and downs an individual without the disorder will experience. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition and if not noticed, or treated properly, the ups and downs can become severe. Many individuals in United States, who have the bipolar disorder, don’t even know they have the disorder until later on in their lives. Bipolar disorder may be hard to detect because other individuals may†¦show more content†¦(pyschcentral.org, paragraph 4) Environmental factors can just be as bad as genetics factors when it comes to this disorder. Typically though one will get the bipolar disorder from the gene pull and not realize th ey have the condition. Bipolar Disorder is lifelong condition and it is not curable. When one begins receiving treatment, things typically will trend to become easier for the ill individual. One will begin to have more control over mood swings and can basically live a normal life. Without treatment one will just become more ill and more problems will begin to occur. The sooner one receives treatment the better they will be off throughout their life. There are many medications for one who has the bipolar disorder. Usually one will have to experiment with a few medications to see which is best for them. Doctors prescribe different medications based on symptoms one is experiencing. Typically a doctor will prescribe a mood stabilizer for the ill individual. In non-severe cases these mood stabilizer will be much affected for one if the ill individual is diagnosed early. If not diagnosed mood stabilizer may not do much because the mood swings are too strong for the medications. Psychotherapy is very efficient for an ill individual who is on mood stabilizers. The therapy provides assurance for the ill individual which helps them mental. Another treatment for serious cases of the disorder Electroconvulsive Therapy orShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder And Mental Health934 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar Disorder is otherwise known as manic-depressive illness. It is a brain disorder that causes shifts in moods, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks. (Cite) These changes in behavior are outside of the norm as most people have ups and downs throughout their daily routines. But those with Bipolar Disorder experience shifts in mood that can be damaging to relationships, as well as their overall school and work performances. (Cite) I chose this disorder as the topicRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health910 Words   |  4 Pagespercent of American’s suffer with bipolar disorder but, unless you know someone who has the disorder or have it yourself you probably cannot define the disorder. Bipolar disorder is defined as a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks by the National Institute of Mental Health. Or that is what the current definition for bipolar disorder is. Alan C. Swann in his article What is Bipolar Disorder says that we are far from a rigorousRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health Essay851 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience a mood disorder known as Bipolar Disorder. According to the National Institute of Mental Health about one percent of the American population have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Living with a person that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder is very difficult, especially not knowing anything about bipolar. There are many questions to be asked. Such as what is the disorder? Is bipolar disorder heredity? How is the disorder treated? First of all, Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressiveRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health855 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience a mood disorder known as Bipolar Disorder. According to the National Institute of Mental Health about one percent of the American population has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Living with a person that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder is very difficult, especially not knowing anything about bipolar. There are many questions to be asked. Such as what is the disorder? Is bipolar disorder heredity? How is the disorder treated? First of all, Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressiveRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health755 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder has become more prevalent in the United States, particularly Bipolar Disorder II, which accounts for 30-50% of patients with depression (Thomas Hersen, 2002). Historically bipolar was known as manic depression (Thomas Hersen, 2002). According to National Institute of Mental Health (n. d.) â€Å"Most scientists agree that there is no single cause, rather many factors that act together to produce the illness or increase the risk† (NIMH, n. d.) Some of those factors can be family, workplaceRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health1840 Words   |  8 PagesInstitute of Mental Health (2015), bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that may cause random shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and their ability to perform everyday tasks. There are different types of bipolar episodes; the high, euphoric episodes are known as mania, and the low, miserable episodes are known as depression. The median age, of those who are affected by this illness, is 25 years old. Although, it can start in early childhood, or as late as 50 years old. This mental illness doesRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health Issue1619 Words   |  7 Pages The word â€Å"bipolar† is commonly tossed around in our daily vocabulary to simply describe a person who is overly moody and easily irritated. However, the implications of the mental health issue, that is bipolar disorder, is much more complex than is implied. Bipolar disorder was first discovered in 1851 by French psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret who described the condition as â€Å"la folie circulaire† which literally translates to circular insanity (SeddlerRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Mental Health Condition981 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder, or manic-depressive disorder, is a disorder characterized by extreme mood changes. An individual who suffers from this disorder can have extreme highs or extreme lows. They could go from being overly energetic and outgoing to feeling empty, depressed, angry and just completely worthless on a daily, weekly, monthly and or even yearly basis. Diagnosis, dramatic changes in one’s life, and even treatment can have a ser ious effect on an individual that is suffering from Bipolar disorderRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Mental Health Diagnosis797 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is a mental health diagnosis when a person can experience extremely different moods. It also can affect the brain during the progression of the illness. A person with this diagnosis usually experiences mood changes of extremely high moods/ manic or extremely low moods which look like depression. There are two different types of Bipolar disorders. The first is Bipolar I which is when a person’s mood can go to severe mania or severe depression. The second type is Bipolar II whichRead MoreDepression And Bipolar Disorder : The National Institute Of Mental Health Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesDepression and Bipolar Disorder Whitney Keeton Mr. John Davis Jr., MFA, M. Ed. English Composition 1 - ENC 1101 Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday 6-10 PM Keiser University â€Æ' Depression and Bipolar Disorder The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has stated that depression is a common but serious mood disorder. Depression is also a form of mental illness; that have many different types. Some of the types of depression are as follows: †¢ Persistent depressive disorder †¢ Perinatal depression †¢ Psychotic

Corporate Law Applicable on Business Structure

Question: Describe about the Corporate Law which is Applicable on Business Structure. Answer: In the given case, the best business structure applicable to Jack, Jill, and Max has to be advised. In Australia, there are several business structures that can be selected by an interested party. These include, sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and trust (Department of Industry Innovation and Science, 2016). A sole proprietorship, as the name suggests, is a business structure which is operated by a single individual. In this structure, the person is his own boss and the employee. The two disadvantages of a sole proprietorship include the lack of adding a partner/member and the provision of unlimited liability. To deal with the disadvantages of sole proprietorship, the business structure of partnership is available for a person. In partnership, there are two or more people, who contribute to the capital of the business and share the profits (or losses) as per the partnership deed. All the partners work towards the growth of the business and hence provide a wider set of human capital which proves beneficial for a business. But even partnership has the clause of unlimited liability. And so, in case of a debt, the personal assets of the partners are contributed for payment of such debt. In New South Wales, Australia, the Partnership Act, 1892, is applicable (New South Wales Legislation, 2016). The next option of a business structure is the corporation. A corporation is an independent separate entity from its owners. It has the powers to sue and be sued by the owners. This structure has no provisions of unlimited liability. Further, the funds can be easily raised from the public and the growth of the company can be ensured due to the abundant capital. The only disadvantage of a corporation/company is the applicability of various provisions, which at times act as a hurdle, in running of the business (Tomasic, Bottomley and McQueen, 2002). The Corporations Act, 2001, is applied on the corporations in Australia (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016). Another form of business structure in Australia is a trust on which the Australian Trust Laws are applicable. Forming a trust is a complex process and often disregarded as a business model due to its inherent disadvantages (Australian Taxation Office, 2015). In the given case, the business of Jack, Jill, and Max of selling trucks is very successful and is growing strong. They are in need of a more appropriate structure. It is recommended to Jack, Jill, and Max to opt for a corporation form of business structure. The reason behind this recommendation is that their business is growing rapidly. A growing business requires capital for its continued growth. By establishing a corporation, they can raise capital from the public. Secondly, Jack, Jill, and Max are three separate individuals and would prefer a limited liability to the unlimited liability. Disagreements is a major probability in partnership and results in dissolution of partnerships. Further, the default rule of partnerships is that a person cannot transfer its holdings in partnership to another without the consent of all partners. So, if Jack, Jill, or Max wants to transfer their holdings, they would not be able to do so in a partnership, whereas in a corporation, the shares of th e company are freely transferrable. This recommendation is also based on the fact that the company runs in perpetual succession where the death of the shareholders and members does not affect the affairs of the company. But in a partnership, the death of partners leads to a dissolution of the partnership. Analyzing these advantages of Corporations in reference to partnership draws the conclusion that, Jack, Jill, and Max should opt for a Corporation as their business structure. 2. In this case, the first issue is whether Child Toys Pty Ltd has any corporate liability because of Bettys action. Vicarious liability is the liability which arises from the relationship of an agency, principal and a third party. In vicarious liability, the employer is held liable to the third party for an act done by the employee. Employers are also liable for the negligent acts and/or omissions by their employees during the tenure of employment. The person has to be an employee and not an independent contractor, as was distinguished in the case of Hollis v Vabu [2001] 207 CLR 21 (High Court of Australia, 2001). In one of the latest case of Blake v JR Perry Nominees Pty Ltd [2012] VSCA 122, the employer was held vicariously liable for the actions of its employees (Alderman, 2012). Further, the common law also holds the employers liable on the basis of qui facit per alium facit per se. This concept is parallel to the concept of vicarious liability. The Australian Consumer Law contains the provisions regarding the unfair practices which contain any deceptive or misleading conduct, unfair contracts and unconscionable conduct, product safety and information, product liability. Further, ACL, through its Section 18 forbids the conduct of business in a manner which misleads the consumer or is deceptive or misleading or is likely to result in a deception. Similar provisions are provided by the Fair Trading Act, 1987, in the matter of deceptive and misleading conduct of businesses. Remedies under these acts are provided with the objective of protection of the consumers and are awarded in the form of fines and damages. In the present case, Betty was a salesperson in Child Toys Supreme Ltd. Betty had promised some customers that the toys were safe and contained no harmful plastic chemicals. Here, a clear deception in the conduct of business is established. To further prove the deception in this case, a reference should be made to the case of Dib Group Pty Ltd v Ventouris Enterprises Pty Ltd [2011] (Burrows, 2014). Further, a child was seriously injured because of the harmful chemicals in the toys. This would give rise to a civil liability under the civil laws instead of the criminal laws. A deliberate evidence is absent in this case to hurt the child, as was held in case of Bradshaw v McEwans Pty Ltd (1951) 217 ALR 1 at 5 and later in case of Samaan bht Samaan v Kentucky Fried Chicken Pty Ltd[2012] NSWSC 381 (White and Latta, 2015). So here, Betty is liable for civil penalties as per the Part 2 of Civil Liabilities Act, 2002. Betty, being the employee of Child Toys, fulfills the criteria of vicarious liability and qui facit per alium facit per se. This means that Child Toys is liable for the acts of Betty and is responsible for remedies under the common law, ACL, Fair Trading Act, and Civil Liabilities Act (Latimer, 2012). So, from the above analysis of this case, it can be concluded that indeed it is the corporate liability of Child Toys for the deceptive conduct of Betty. The second issue in this case is the possible legal actions which can be taken by Child Toys Pty Ltd against the actions of Charles. Division 1 of the Corporations Act 2001 contains the general duties of an officer or employee of the company (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016). An officer or employee of the company should not use the position in the company, so as to gain an advantage for themselves or for someone else, and also have to ensure that the information is not used in a way which is detrimental to the company as a whole (Section 182). Section 183 contains that a person who is in possession of sensitive information, as a result of being an officer or employee of the company, regarding the company should not use this information so as to gain an advantage for themselves or for someone else and also have to ensure that the information is not used in a disadvantageous way for the company. A contravention of these sections invites civil penalties stated under the section 1317E of this Act. The Australian Contract Law is applicable on any contract which is drawn in Australia (Andrews, 2015). Contraventions to these laws provide remedies to the aggrieved party in form of monetary and equitable damages. Further, the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 promotes competition and fair trading for protection of consumers so as to boost the wellbeing of Australians. Civil penalties are awarded for the contravention of the provisions of this act. In the given case, Charles had been an officer of the company and had access to the sensitive information relating to Child Toys. After his retirement, he used this sensitive information for the benefits of his new business. His employment contract clearly stated that he was not allowed to compete with Child Toys for a period of two years. He violated such contract and attracted not only the civil liabilities under the Australian Contract Law, but also as per the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010. A landmark case in this regard is Globe and Mail v. Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada (Page, 2014). Civil penalties were awarded for a breach of employment contract in the matter of Hopkins and another v South Manchester Abbeyfield Society Ltd [2011] All ER (D) 72 (Mar) (Pay and Benefits, 2011). So, it can be concluded that Child Toys Pty Ltd can take necessary civil actions against the actions of Charles. References Alderman, P. (2012). When are employers responsible for the actions of their employees? [Online] Lexology. Available from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3b5b6a89-4da4-4f95-84a6-13644309d92b [Accessed on 14/09/16] Andrews, N. (2015) Contract Law. 2nd ed. UK: Cambridge University Press. Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2016) Commonwealth Consolidated Acts: Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/ [Accessed on 14/09/16] Australian Taxation Office. (2015) Trust. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Starting-your-own-business/Choosing-your-business-structure/Trust/ [Accessed on 14/09/16] Burrows, M. (2014) Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Limited [2014] FCA 634. [Online] Dundas Lawyers. Available from: https://www.dundaslawyers.com.au/australian-competition-and-consumer-commission-v-coles-supermarkets-australia-pty-limited-2014/ [Accessed on 14/09/16] Department of Industry Innovation and Science. (2016) Business structure. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure [Accessed on 14/09/16] High Court of Australia. (2001) Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 44. [Online] High Court of Australia. Available from: https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/showCase/2001/HCA/44 [Accessed on 14/09/16] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. NSW: CCH Australia Limited, pp 358-361 Page, L. (2014) The Globe and Mail Prevails in Dispute with Jan Wong over Breach of Confidentiality. [Online] CanLII Connects. Available from: https://canliiconnects.org/en/commentaries/32604 [Accessed on 14/09/16] Pay and Benefits. (2011) Employment Case Law: Breach of contract. [Online] Pay and Benefits. Available from: https://www.payandbenefitsmagazine.co.uk/article/employment-case-law-breach-contract [Accessed on 14/09/16] Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., and McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations Law in Australia (2nd ed.). NSW: Federation Press. New South Wales Legislation. (2016) Partnership Act 1892. [Online] New South Wales Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1892/12/whole [Accessed on 14/09/16] White, S., and Latta, M. (2015) A guide to food poisoning claims. [Online] Carter Newell Lawyers. Available from: https://www.carternewell.com/page/Publications/2015/A_guide_to_food_poisoning_claims/ [Accessed on 14/09/16]